If the fighting stops in Lebanon, can its beleaguered army keep the peace?


As Lebanon endures more rounds of Israeli air and ground attacks, those peering into the distance at a gloomy horizon continue to point to the Lebanese army as one of the few state institutions capable of providing a stabilizing influence if there is a ceasefire between Israel and Hezbollah. 

“We have to preserve our army because our army is the solution when peace will come,” retired Lebanese army general Khalil Helou told CBC News at his home in Beirut.

“Hezbollah initiated the war. Our army will be the solution for peace.” 

The Lebanese Armed Forces, outgunned not just by Israel but also by Hezbollah, have remained firmly on the sidelines of the current conflict, which Israel maintains is a war against the Iran-backed Shia militia and not Lebanon itself.

Hezbollah, from its installations in the south, began firing rockets into northern Israel in support of Hamas a day after its Oct. 7 attack on Israel last year. Cross-border attacks in both directions have since displaced tens of thousands of residents in Lebanon and Israel. 

A man with grey hair in a dark suit poses for a photo. There is a lush garden behind him.
Retired Lebanese army general Khalil Helou says the army will be Lebanon’s ‘solution for peace’ in the event of a ceasefire between Hezbollah and Israel. (Jean-François Bisson/CBC)

Lebanese soldiers are deployed in the country’s south in non-combat roles as are more than 10,000 peacekeepers with the UN’s Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). Both have come under Israeli fire since Israel began what it described as limited ground incursions into Lebanon earlier this month. 

In an interview with the AFP news agency last week, Lebanon’s caretaker Prime Minister Najib Mikati said in the event of any ceasefire, he would boost the number of soldiers in southern Lebanon from 4,500 to “between 7,000 and 11,000” to keep the peace. 

That follows an earlier pledge that Lebanon is ready to “fully implement” a UN Security Council resolution adopted to bring about the end of the last Israeli-Hezbollah war 18 years ago but never enforced.

Resolution 1701 was meant to create a demilitarized zone south of the Litani river in Lebanon, about 30 kilometres from the Israel-Lebanon demarcation line.

United Nations peacekeepers (UNIFIL) stand guard near Lebanese army soldiers sitting on their armored vehicle in Naqoura, near the Lebanese-Israeli border, southern Lebanon, October 27, 2022
United Nations peacekeepers (UNIFIL) stand guard near Lebanese soldiers in Naqoura, near the Lebanon-Israel border in October 2022. Both have been serving in non-combat roles along the border for years but have come under Israeli fire since Israel began what it described as limited ground incursions into Lebanon earlier this month. (Aziz Taher/Reuters)

A fragile peace 

Lebanon’s population is a mosaic of more than a dozen religious sects, a number of which, through various militias, took part in a brutal civil war from 1975 to 1990. 

That conflict ended with the disarmament of all save Hezbollah, which kept its weapons to resist Israel’s ongoing occupation of the south. Israel withdrew in 2000, but Hezbollah retained its arms. 

The Lebanese army is often credited with doing much to maintain the country’s fragile peace. But in the decades since, Hezbollah, with financial and military support from Iran, has entrenched itself ever more firmly in the south while the 80,000-strong army has suffered from an aging arsenal and neglect in the wake of successive economic downturns.

Dozens of men in military uniforms, waving green-and-yellow flags, stand in formation.
Hezbollah, from its installations in the south, began firing rockets into northern Israel in support of Hamas a day after its Oct. 7 attack on Israel last year. (Mohammed Zaatari/The Associated Press)

A soldier’s salary is around $200 US per month, with widespread reports that soldiers often take second jobs to supplement their income.

While the army has remained popular, the irony is that its ability to navigate a country defined by deep sectarian divisions is partly down to its relatively toothless nature compared to the military might of Hezbollah’s armed wing. 

In other words, it’s not a threat to the status quo in a country where key government positions and patronage appointments are divided up along communal lines. (The constitution, for example, mandates the president be a Christian Maronite, the prime minister a Sunni Muslim and the Speaker a Shia Muslim.)

Lebanese army soldiers patrol the Sunni Muslim Bab al-Tebbaneh neighbourhood after being deployed to tighten security, following clashes between Sunni Muslims and Alawites in the port city of Tripoli, northern Lebanon May 21, 2013. Five people have been killed and about 50 wounded in two days of fighting in Tripoli, security sources said on Monday, a spillover of violence from the civil war in Syria.
Lebanese soldiers patrol a Sunni Muslim neighbourhood in the port city of Tripoli in northern Lebanon following clashes between Sunni Muslims and Alawites in May 2013. The army is credited with keeping the country’s simmering sectarian tensions from spilling over into another full-scale civil war. (Omar Ibrahim/Reuters)

Helou bristles at any criticism of the army for doing little to counter Hezbollah’s growing strength over the years, blaming “schizophrenic” governments that have paid lip service to Resolution 1701 while allowing Hezbollah to remain armed in its self-proclaimed role as “the resistance” to Israel at the same time. 

“The army is keeping the national unity,” the retired general said. “You have an option between civil war or keeping stability. What would you choose?” 

WATCH | How will latest conflict with Israel shape Lebanon’s future?: 

​​What the latest conflict could mean for Lebanon’s future

Even before Israel and Hezbollah began exchanging fire in their latest conflict, Lebanon was on shaky ground, with some calling it a failed state. CBC’s Margaret Evans examines the complex factors behind the country’s eroding stability.

Army ‘still has respect of the people’: UN official

UNIFIL spokesperson Andrea Tenenti says it is clear the Lebanese army is not currently strong enough to implement Resolution 1701 and that it would need international support. 

Building the army up “will take a while, but the commitment is there,” he said. 

A man in a dress shirt poses for a photo. A Mediterranean city is in the background.
Lebanon’s army would need international aid to implement the UN’s plan for peace between Israel and Hezbollah, says UNIFIL spokesperson Andrea Tenenti. (Jean-François Bisson/CBC)

“The Lebanese army is a committed army … that still has the respect of the people of Lebanon,” Tenenti said. “We need to bring state authority to the south. Not only of the army, but the full state authority to the south of Lebanon.”

But that would require a robust state, or at the very least a belief in one. And many Lebanese will tell you they’ve lost faith in a country that was plagued by corruption, nepotism and political paralysis long before the current crisis.

“Our government is not intact at the moment,” said Christy Mady, a Canadian Lebanese lecturer in communications at the Notre Dame University-Louaize in Zouk Mosbeh, just north of Beirut. 

“So, if anything happens to you, as a Lebanese, you’re not going to be cared for.”

A woman standing in a plaza, wearing a light top, poses for a photo.
Christy Mady, a lecturer at the Notre Dame University-Louaize in Zouk Mosbeh, near Beirut, grew up during Lebanon’s civil war, and says it hurts to see the country suffer more setbacks. (Jean-François Bisson/CBC)

‘Kidnapped by Iran’

Lebanon has been without a president for two years. The Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah, who was killed by Israel last month, was blamed by many for blocking compromise candidates.

“Lebanon recently has been through also a bad economic crisis,” said Mady. “After that, there was the Beirut port explosion in 2020, you know, the collapse of the banking sector and now this. So, within the span of four to five years, a lot has happened.” 

Mady witnessed Lebanon’s civil war as a child and says she wants to see the country finally break free from the constraints of its past. 

“I grew up in war, and seeing that happen again and seeing Lebanon have to pick up the pieces again, that really hurts,” she said. 

People stand on the rubble at the site of the Israeli airstrike that killed Lebanon's Hezbollah leader Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah on Friday, in Beirut's southern suburbs, Lebanon, September 29, 2024.
People stand on the rubble at the site of the Israeli airstrike in Beirut’s southern suburbs that killed Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah last month. (Ali Alloush/Reuters)

Some Lebanese say that Israel’s evisceration of the upper echelons of the Hezbollah leadership might offer Lebanon a way of breaking the group’s hold on the south, in particular, and challenge sectarianism.

“We are kidnapped today, kidnapped by Iran,” said Alain Hakim, a former economy and trade minister for Lebanon and a member of the political bureau of the Christian Kataeb Party. 

Kataeb evolved from the Phalange Party, whose paramilitary wing was associated with Israel during Lebanon’s civil war. 

Earlier this month, the party denounced Israel’s “violation of human life and property” in Lebanon while also calling on interim Prime Minister Mikati to declare an immediate ceasefire, implement Resolution 1701 and deploy the Lebanese army along the border.

Hakim says that doesn’t mean Hezbollah has to be eradicated, but it must reintegrate into Lebanese politics and “forget about its arms and forget about the Iranian orientation that they followed during years of battle.”

Fighters from the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah train in Aaramta village in the Jezzine District, southern Lebanon, Sunday, May 21, 2023
Hezbollah fighters train in Aaramta village in southern Lebanon in May 2023. Some would like to see the group disarm and remain solely a political entity. (Hassan Ammar/The Associated Press)

Hezbollah exploited sectarian system, says historian

Nasrallah had linked any ceasefire in Lebanon to a ceasefire in Gaza. 

It’s not clear whether his successors will hold to that line, especially in the wake of Israel’s recent killing of Hamas leader Yahya Sinwar in Gaza. 

In an earlier interview with CBC News, Lebanon’s Hezbollah-backed minister for transportation and public works, Ali Hamie, said Lebanon must resist Israeli aggression “until death” while also calling on the Lebanese government to keep talking with the international community “for a ceasefire.”

Historian Makram Rabah, a lecturer at the American University of Beirut, says peace will not come to Lebanon until it deals with a sectarian system he says has thrived at the expense of the state.

A man in a dark suit leans against a desk, in front of a Lebanese flag and a wide cityscape.
Hezbollah must reintegrate into Lebanese politics and ‘forget about its arms and forget about the Iranian orientation,’ says former economy and trade minister Alain Hakim, a member of the political bureau of the Christian Kataeb Party. (Jean-François Bisson/CBC)

“I believe that Hezbollah’s real potent weapon was not only its weapons but rather the fact that it was using the sectarian system,” he said. “I’m someone who believes that we need to reassess the whole sectarian system, which allows for monsters such as Hezbollah or other factions to emerge.” 

The Lebanese army itself splintered along sectarian lines during the civil war. Today, its forces are drawn from all communities, and its role has often been, quite literally, to act as a buffer between neighbourhoods that can sometimes still be defined by sectarian affiliation. 

That’s been especially important now with so many displaced from Hezbollah’s heartland in the south having arrived looking for shelter in Beirut and other cities in large numbers.

A displaced woman prepares coffee by a makeshift shelter, amid hostilities between Hezbollah and Israeli forces, in central Beirut, Lebanon, October 16, 2024.
A woman displaced by the conflict between Hezbollah an dIsrael in southern Lebanon prepares coffee by a makeshift shelter in central Beirut last week. (Louisa Gouliamaki/Reuters)

There is much talk of churches and mosques opening their doors to those in need, but on the streets, there is also tension, suspicion and distrust. It is a mix that combines many people grieving Nasrallah and those who blame Hezbollah for dragging Lebanon into a war not of their making. 

“We have to understand that these people will be permanently displaced until we come to a place where we say we need to reclaim Lebanon and its sovereignty by saying ‘immediate ceasefire’ and not actually just blaming the Israelis,” said Rabah, the historian. 

“We have to be very clear that we don’t want to be part of any [Iran] axis whatsoever.”

Helou, the retired general, says for now, the Lebanese army is performing the most important role that it can for the country by working to calm internal divisions “in order to avoid slipping into a civil war.”

“You don’t know the value of stability unless you lose it,” he said.

WATCH | What Hezbollah’s post-Nasrallah future could look like: 

How Hezbollah could rebuild — and respond — after Israel’s attacks

Following Israel’s attacks on Hezbollah’s arsenal and its assassination of leader Hassan Nasrallah, The National’s Ellen Mauro breaks down how the militant group could rebuild and what its potential responses could be.



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