When she became Italyâs prime minister in October 2022, Giorgia Meloni looked like Brusselsâ worst nightmare. Until then, the fiery leader of the Brothers of Italy â a party with neofascist roots â had seemed anything but EU-friendly.
For years, railing against the bloc had been Meloniâs stock in trade: the euro amounted to enslavement, the European Commission was effectively a loan shark. âBring down this EU!â she urged the 2019 conservative CPAC conference in the US.
As she took up office in the Palazzo Chigi, far-right parties across Europe hailed her victory, expecting the new leader in Rome to promote their nationalist agenda and join the likes of Hungaryâs Viktor Orbán in battling Brussels bureaucracy.
To the surprise of many, she didnât. Italyâs new prime minister has proved, at least superficially, to be a constructive European, partly because Italy needed billions in post-Covid EU recovery funds, and partly (perhaps) because Meloni is playing a longer game.
After European elections next weekend that are likely to see considerably more national-conservative and far-right MEPs in the parliament, her influence â in the assembly, and potentially over the executive â could be a lot greater.
Courted by both the resurgent, if deeply divided, hard right and by the centre-right commission president Ursula von der Leyen, Meloni has emerged as a possible kingmaker who could end up swaying the EUâs direction on several key issues.
Even opponents admit she has played it cleverly. Her first foreign visit as prime minister was to Brussels, where she engaged positively. Since then, she has been instrumental in securing a long-awaited deal on the reform of EU asylum rules. She travelled with Von der Leyen on three occasions to north Africa, signing deals with Egypt and Tunisia to help slow migrant departures.
Crucially, Meloni has also offered constant support for Ukraine and unstinting criticism of Russia. That alone marked her out from the likes of Franceâs Marine Le Pen and other far-right figures who traditionally have been Moscow-friendly. And she has been invaluable in helping get Hungary on board, becoming known as âthe Orbán whispererâ.
All that has enamoured her to Von der Leyen, who, given the expected rise in the hard rightâs representation in parliament, may well need the votes of some of them to secure her second five-year term.
Von der Leyenâs centre-right European Peopleâs party (EPP) should remain the largest in parliament, followed by the centre-left Socialists & Democrats and liberal Renew group, but not all MEPs from that grand mainstream coalition will back her.
She has repeatedly ruled out working with some radical right parties, such as Le Penâs National Rally, Geert Wildersâs Dutch Freedom party or Austriaâs FPÃ, all of which sit in the parliamentâs far-right Identity and Democracy group. But she is relaxed about working with Meloni and some fellow members of the rival, more normalised European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR). âIâve been working very well with Giorgia Meloniâ, who is âclearly pro-Europeanâ, Von der Leyen has said.
That has led the socialists, liberals and greens, who fear Meloni could demand a watering-down of EU climate measures in exchange for support, to warn they will torpedo Von der Leyenâs reappointment if she cuts any far-right deals.
The commission chief, then, may face a choice. But so will Meloni. For two years, she has been a model of respectability on the EU stage, while pursuing her culture wars â against independent journalism, same-sex parents and LGBTQ+ rights â at home. As one EU diplomat put it, Meloni âmay have shown herself to be a pragmatist, but sheâs a conviction politician â and her politics are still hard rightâ.
As if to underline that fact, she spoke (online) at a âgreat patriotic conventionâ in Madrid last month.
Le Pen, subsequently backed by Orbán, last week called on Italyâs prime minister to unite Europeâs nationalist and far-right forces in a parliamentary âsupergroupâ. Given their intense factional rivalries, notably over Ukraine, that is very unlikely.
But some constellation of parties from the national-conservative ECR that might be palatable to much of Von der Leyenâs centre-right EPP is certainly imaginable, at least on some big issues, and such a constellation would clearly be led by Meloni. So far, she has kept her powder dry, refusing to speculate on an alliance with Von der Leyen or Le Pen, but she has talked openly about âchanging the European pictureâ and âbuilding a different majority in the European parliamentâ.
If she can successfully build a bridge between Europeâs conservatives and at least part of its hard right, Meloni could effect quite a radical change in the EUâs direction â on issues as vital as climate change, enlargement and immigration. Maybe thatâs her plan.